With foreign exchange shortages plaguing Sub-Saharan African economies, Gerald Ndosi, Bank One’s head of trade, explains what measures can be taken to overcome US dollar liquidity challenges, promote trade finance and foster sustainable economic growth in the region.

 

International trade is conducted in the currencies of major economic powers, largely the US dollar, European Union euro, Japanese yen, Chinese yuan and UK pound sterling. These currencies clearly have a major impact on how trade is conducted across borders globally, including on the African continent.

A foreign currency shortage occurs when the demand for the currency exceeds the available supply at the prevailing exchange rate.

Soberingly enough, over the last year, most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have experienced shortages of US dollars. Every African country has felt the impact – however, the problem seems to be more severe in economies such as Kenya, Tanzania, Egypt, Zimbabwe, Nigeria, Ghana and Zambia, which rely on the dollar to pay off their foreign debts and fund critical imports of goods and services.

 

What are the key factors contributing to the US dollar shortage?

Against this backdrop, the shortage of the US dollar in key economies in SSA has meant liquidity challenges that can impact trade finance and affect the overall pace of economic activities in the region. This is catalysed by a few key factors.

Firstly, commodity dependence can affect the volume of dollars available in African markets, as many countries in SSA rely heavily on commodity exports, such as crude oil, minerals and agricultural products. Fluctuations in commodity prices, which are often denominated in US dollars, can lead to revenue volatility and affect the availability of US dollars in local markets.

Secondly, limited export diversification means that the concentration of exports in a few commodities or markets can restrict foreign exchange earnings in US dollars. The lack of export diversification makes economies vulnerable to external shocks and reduces the inflow of US dollars, affecting liquidity in local markets.

Thirdly, the region relies heavily on imports for various goods and services – including essentials like food and fuel, which can translate to a shortage of dollars. The need to pay for imports in US dollars puts pressure on demand for the currency, especially when local currencies depreciate, or foreign exchange reserves are insufficient. Economic sanctions imposed by western countries on Russia, including restrictions on its energy sector, have contributed to the bulk of global oil price hikes over the last year, thus piling pressure on oil-importing countries to source more dollars for import bill settlement.

Fourthly, capital outflows and debt servicing burdens can translate into a dollar drain, with SSA having experienced an exodus of capital due to factors like global economic conditions, changes in investor sentiment, and policy uncertainties.

Finally, limited access to international financial markets can compound the problem, as it means that some countries in SSA face challenges in accessing international financial markets and raising funds in US dollars. Limited access to international capital markets restricts their ability to address dollar liquidity shortages through external borrowing.

 

How can African economies promote trade finance?

Addressing these challenges and ensuring sustainable trade finance requires a mixed approach, putting into play multiple strategies such as:

  1. Economic diversification, export promotion and value addition: Encouraging diversification of economies beyond commodities can reduce reliance on volatile export markets and enhance foreign exchange earnings, including US dollars. Likewise, promoting value addition in exports and expanding export markets can increase foreign exchange earnings in US dollars and reduce import dependence.
  2. Strengthening local currency liquidity and financial institutions: Enhancing local currency liquidity through effective monetary policies, exchange rate stability and deepening the local financial markets can reduce dependence on the US dollar for domestic transactions. On a related note, strengthening local financial institutions in Africa is essential for sustainable trade finance. By enhancing their capabilities and expanding their reach, these institutions can better support trade activities, provide liquidity and facilitate financing options denominated in local currencies.
  3. Promoting regional integration and local/regional currencies: Promoting regional economic integration and intra-regional trade can facilitate trade settlements in local currencies, reducing reliance on the US dollar for regional transactions. Here, African countries may explore using local, regional or even digital currencies to facilitate intra-African trade. This would reduce reliance on the US dollar and mitigate the impact of US dollar liquidity challenges.
  4. Enhancing financial sector resilience: Strengthening domestic financial institutions, improving risk management frameworks and encouraging innovation in financial services can enhance the resilience of the financial sector and promote trade finance. African countries can work towards strengthening regional financial infrastructure, including payment systems, clearing mechanisms and settlement platforms. Enhanced regional integration would foster efficient trade finance processes within Africa, reducing the need for US dollar-based transactions and minimising associated liquidity challenges.
  5. Collaborative partnerships: Collaborating with international partners, including multilateral development banks and foreign investors is critical, as they can provide support through technical assistance, investment and capacity building to address US dollar liquidity challenges in SSA. Furthermore, development finance institutions (DFIs) such as the African Development Bank and regional development banks, can play a crucial role in providing trade finance facilities to bridge the liquidity gap. These institutions can offer financial products tailored to African businesses, mitigating risks associated with US dollar liquidity challenges and supporting trade activities.
  6. Settlement in alternative currencies: India and China are the biggest trading partners with most SSA countries. The Reserve Bank of India recently announced it would allow 18 countries, including six African nations (Kenya, Tanzania, Seychelles, Mauritius, Botswana and Uganda) to settle their international trade transactions in rupees. This initiative will help in reducing demand pressure on the US dollar by providing an alternative currency for settlement of international trade transactions.
  7. Harnessing technological innovations: On an overarching note, technology-driven innovations, such as blockchain and digital currencies can offer alternative solutions for trade finance in Africa. Blockchain-based platforms can facilitate secure and transparent trade finance transactions, while digital currencies can streamline cross-border payments and reduce dependence on US dollar liquidity.

By adopting these measures and pursuing a comprehensive strategy, SSA countries can work towards overcoming US dollar liquidity challenges, promoting trade finance and fostering sustainable economic growth in the region.

 

Overcoming challenges for a bright, sustainable future

Despite the challenges posed by US dollar liquidity constraints, there are promising avenues auguring well for the future of trade finance in Africa.

Indeed, through currency diversification, regional integration and collaborative efforts, suitably synergised by technological innovations, African countries can navigate the challenges and seize opportunities to promote trade, economic growth and financial stability within the continent.